为什么跑步后吃不下,游完泳却变饿死鬼?

百家 作者:果壳 2020-01-20 07:28:49

跑步测试之后气喘吁吁,半天都没有胃口。可游完泳,几乎每个人爬上岸后脑子里都只有“我要饿死了!”都是全身运动,也都挺累的,两种活动对食欲的影响却完全相反,运动还能不能减肥了?


游泳后胃口大开丨图虫创意


为什么游泳后那么饿?


相对于陆地上的跑步或骑单车,游泳有很多特殊优势。不仅减轻体重对肌肉骨骼的压力,运动中还可以动用全身肌肉,提高心肺功能。用游泳锻炼身体很不错,但减肥效果明显不如快走或骑单车[1]。对比游泳与跑步运动员的体型,前者通常更圆润一些。

 

游泳时能量消耗并不少,不减重还是因为吃太多。这种运动特殊在哪里,让食欲不减反增?

 

最容易引起怀疑的是水。浸在水中时能量消耗通常高于陆地,而且水中运动后吃得更多。但进一步区分水温,人们发现只有冷水增加消耗,温水(32~34℃)并没有类似作用[2, 3]。随着水温升高,运动后进食量逐渐减小,高至28℃以上时,游泳后才不会吃得更多[4]。而一般泳池温度都低于28℃,所以我们游泳之后总是那么饿。

 

其实不仅水温,陆地上的空气温度也影响代谢与食欲[5]。进行相同运动之后,我们吃东西的量会随环境气温升高而逐渐减少[6-8]。所以在水里还是空气中不是关键,温度才是游泳容易饿的原因。


温度影响食欲丨图虫创意


运动减肥不是骗人的


除了游泳,多数运动在合适的强度和时间下,减肥效果还是不错的[9]。因为运动不仅增加能量消耗,还能短暂抑制食欲,不让我们多吃。这样出量增加入量不变,能量缺口大了减重就快[10]。

 

坚持运动时间长了,不仅刚运动完的时候食欲降低,控制全天不吃多的能力也提高。吃同样的高能量食物之后,长期运动的人在之后几餐中比不运动的人吃得少。这种调节利于保持全天饮食能量不超标,不容易长胖[11]。

 

运动在降低食量的同时,还能提高饮食质量。高脂肪及高糖食物对人的诱惑会在运动后减弱,但低能量的食物不受影响。饮食选择的变化可以帮助我们多吃营养健康的食物,减少长胖的高能量零食[12, 13]。

 

虽然运动可以通过抑制食欲帮助减肥和改善健康,但吃什么东西不完全决定于食欲[14]。很多人运动后虽然不饿,但想想刚才那么辛苦,觉得必须奖励自己点儿好吃的。总这么想的话,运动抑制食欲用处也不大了。


运动降低食欲丨图虫创意


怎样运动能少吃


“哪种运动最减肥?”是很多人选择运动时最先考虑的问题。单独考虑抑制食欲的作用,有氧运动可能优于抗阻运动(举铁)。在有氧运动中,除了跳绳抑制食欲的效果更好,其他运动种类没有明显区别 [15-17]。

 

不过运动类型的影响并不大,时间和强度才是最重要的。


1

多坚持一会儿就不饿了


运动时间适当延长,抑制食欲的效果更好。比如把骑车时间从20分钟延长到40分钟,运动中能量消耗多了一倍,但不会因此多吃,所以减重更有效[18, 19]。如果想利用运动抑制食欲,中等强度运动最好坚持40分钟以上。


2

累就对了,运动强度不能太低


很多人因为没空和无聊无法忍受这么长时间的运动,有个办法是增加强度。运动抑制食欲的效果和持续时间随着强度升高而增大[20-23]。在消耗能量相同的条件下,半小时高强度运动比一个小时低强度运动后吃得更少[24]。如果强度足够高,食欲降低持续时间可长至1~2天[25]。长期如此,高强度比低强度运动降低体重的效果更好[26]。


高强度比低强度运动减重效果好丨图虫创意


虽然时间短了,但这么高的强度让有些人难以坚持。还可以把持续的运动改为间歇形式:之前固定速度跑步,现在变成全力冲刺一段,然后用慢跑或步行休息一会,再重复冲刺和休息。只要消耗的总能量相近,间歇运动抑制食欲的效果不比持续形式差,甚至更好(当强度非常高时)[26, 27]。

 

想减肥可以用高强度运动降低食欲,希望增重的人也能用低强度运动改善胃口 [28] 。相对于静止不动,胃排空速度在高强度运动(心率>160次/分)中减慢,低强度运动(心率<120次/分)中反而加快。所以快跑后吃不下,散步比坐着不动食欲好[17]。


运动强度与进食能量的关系丨参考文献[28]


抑制食欲的运动时间


关于最佳运动时间的争论,一直没有停止。如果仅考虑抑制食欲的效果,有研究显示上午运动优于下午[29]。但早中晚的时间点,不如运动与进餐的关系重要。

 

通常餐前运动降低饥饿感的效果更好,能量及脂肪吃得更少,这样容易减轻体重,也益于改善血脂水平[14, 30]。餐后运动的优势在于维持血糖水平稳定,对糖尿病患者更有益。另外,每个人的肠胃对运动反应也不同,有人餐前举铁不舒服,也有人餐后跑步肚子疼。所以餐前还是餐后运动,要结合运动目标和自己身体情况来决定。

 

如果为了抑制食欲将运动安排在餐前,间隔时间不能太长。运动后30分钟内进食量会受到明显抑制,60分钟作用减弱,到180分钟时就基本消失了。不仅食欲,我们对脂肪的热爱程度也会随时间延长而恢复[10, 31]。所以刚运动完吃得少,休息时间越长吃得越多,特别是高脂肪的食物。

 

综合来看,接近午餐时间运动,对抑制食欲及平衡能量最有益[14]。但对于个人,能保证规律运动又不会引起不舒服的时间才最好,不必过分纠结细节。


能去运动比什么都重要丨图虫创意


强度和时间配合好,除了游泳的多数运动都能用于抑制食欲。有了饱腹感,减重还需要控制其他生活习惯。另外,上面的建议都是针对降低食欲的,当运动的目的是改善身体健康、情绪、睡眠或提高体能时,可能需要不同的安排。



参考文献


[1] Gwinup G. Weight loss without dietary restriction: efficacy of different forms of aerobic exercise. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(3):275-279.

[2] Srámek P, Simecková M, Janský L, et al. Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81(5):436-442.

[3] White LJ, Dressendorfer RH, Holland E, et al. Increased caloric intake soon after exercise in cold water. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005;15(1):38-47.

[4] King JA, Wasse LK, Stensel DJ. The acute effects of swimming on appetite, food intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin. J Obes. 2011;2011. pii: 351628.

[5] Virtanen KA1, Lidell ME, Orava J, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1518-1525.

[6] Shorten AL, Wallman KE, Guelfi KJ. Acute effect of environmental temperature during exercise on subsequent energy intake in active men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1215-1221.

[7] Wasse LK, King JA, Stensel DJ, et al. Effect of ambient temperature during acute aerobic exercise on short-term appetite, exergy intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin in recreationally active males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:905-909.

[8] Kojima C, Sasaki H, Tsuchiya Y, et al. The influence of environmental temperature on appetite-related hormonal responses. J Physiol Anthropol. 2015;34:22.

[9] Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, et al. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003817.

[10] Albert MH, Drapeau V, Mathieu ME. Timing of moderate-to-vigorous exercise and its impact on subsequent energy intake in young males. Physiol Behav. 2015;151:557-562.

[11] Dorling J, Broom DR, Burns SF, et al. Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity. Nutrients. 2018;10(9). pii: E1140.

[12] Thivel, D, Roche, J, Miguet, M, et al. Post-exercise energy replacement does not reduce subsequent appetite and energyintake in adolescents with obesity. Obesity. Facts. 2019;12:120-122.

[13] Miguet M, Fillon A, Khammassi M, et al. Appetite, energy intake and food reward responses to an acute High Intensity Interval Exercise in adolescents with obesity. Physiol Behav. 2018;195:90-97.

[14] Fillon A, Mathieu ME, Boirie Y, et al. Appetite control and exercise: Does the timing of exercise play a role? Physiol Behav. 2019:112733.

[15] Larsen PS, Donges CE, Guelfi KJ, et al. Effects of Aerobic, Strength or Combined Exercise on Perceived Appetite and Appetite-Related Hormones in Inactive Middle-Aged Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;27(5):389-398.

[16] Broom DR, Batterham RL, King JA, et al. Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(1):R29-35.

[17] Horner KM, Schubert MM, Desbrow B, et al. Acute exercise and gastric emptying: a meta-analysis and implications for appetite control. Sports Med. 2015;45(5):659-678.

[18] Bozinovski NC, Bellissimo N, Thomas SG, et al. The effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in 9 to 14 year old boys and girls. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:66.

[19] Masurier J, Mathieu ME, Fearnbach SN, et al. Effect of Exercise Duration on Subsequent Appetite and Energy Intake in Obese Adolescent Girls. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(6):593-601.

[20] Poon ET, Sun FH, Chung AP, et al. Post-Exercise Appetite and Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Response to High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate- or Vigorous-Intensity Continuous Training among Physically Inactive Middle-Aged Adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(10).

[21] Jung ME, Bourne JE, Little JP. Where does HIT fit? An examination of the affective response to high-intensity intervals in comparison to continuous moderate- and continuous vigorous-intensity exercise in the exercise intensity-affect continuum. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114541.

[22] Thum JS, Parsons G, Whittle T, et al. High-Intensity Interval Training Elicits Higher Enjoyment than Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0166299.

[23] Ueda S, Yoshikawa T, Katsura Y, et al. Comparable effects of moderate intensity exercise on changes in anorectic gut hormone levels and energy intake to high intensity exercise. J Endocrinol. 2009;203:357-364.

[24] Thivel D, Isacco L, Montaurier C, et al. The 24-h energy intake of obese adolescents is spontaneously reduced after intensive exercise: a randomized controlled trial in calorimetric chambers. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29840.

[25] Sim AY, Wallman KE, Fairchild TJ, et al. High-intensity intermittent exercise attenuates ad-libitum energy intake. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(3):417-22.

[26] Müller IA, Wedell-Neergaard AS, Solomon TPJ, et al. The impact of acute bouts of interval and continuous walking on energy-intake and appetite regulation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep. 2017;5(23).

[27] Martins C, Aschehoug I, Ludviksen M, et al. High-Intensity Interval Training, Appetite, and Reward Value of Food in the Obese.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(9):1851-1858.

[28] Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Blundell J, et al. Homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite control along the spectrum of physical activity levels: An updated perspective. Physiol Behav. 2018;192:23-29.

[29] Alizadeh Z, Younespour S, Rajabian Tabesh M, et al. Comparison between the effect of 6 weeks of morning or evening aerobic exercise on appetite and anthropometric indices: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Obes. 2017;7(3):157-165.

[30] Reid RER, Thivel D, Mathieu ME. Understanding the potential contribution of a third "T" to FITT exercise prescription: the case of timing in exercise for obesity and cardiometabolic management in children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44(8):911-914.

[31] Fillon A, Mathieu ME, Masurier J, et al. Effect of exercise-meal timing on energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity: The TIMEX study. Appetite. 2019;146:104506.


作者:代天医

编辑:odette


 一个AI 

不饿了,你就能忍住不吃零食么?


本文来自果壳,未经授权不得转载.

如有需要请联系sns@guokr.com


关注公众号:拾黑(shiheibook)了解更多

[广告]赞助链接:

四季很好,只要有你,文娱排行榜:https://www.yaopaiming.com/
让资讯触达的更精准有趣:https://www.0xu.cn/

公众号 关注网络尖刀微信公众号
随时掌握互联网精彩
赞助链接